外貿(mào)工作中一旦涉外產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售，無(wú)論外貿(mào)企業(yè)所銷(xiāo)售的產(chǎn)品屬于哪一范疇之內(nèi)，都必然會(huì)涉及到DP或者是信用證等，那么外貿(mào)交易中信用證風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大還是DP風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大呢?

資深外貿(mào)人對(duì)前者是這樣定義的，“It refers to a written certificate issued by a bank at the request of the importer (buyer) to ensure that the exporter (seller) is liable for payment of the goods. Within a letter of credit, the bank authorizes the exporter to draw on the bank or its designated bank for a sum not exceeding the stipulated amount under the conditions specified in the letter of credit, and to collect the payment on schedule at the designated place with the accompanying shipping documents in accordance with the stipulations.”

后者被定義為“Documents are given to your bank, and your bank sends them to the other bank (usually the bank designated by the customer). After receiving the bill, the other bank notifies the customer, and the customer pays the bill.”

從如上介紹中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，信用證在外貿(mào)交易中其可靠性會(huì)更高一些，由于在這其中會(huì)有銀行審單等相關(guān)因素，所以安全性較高的同時(shí)，其在交易過(guò)程中所收取的費(fèi)用也會(huì)更高一些。DP則不然，在這其中并沒(méi)有銀行審單等相關(guān)因素存在其中，因此交易中費(fèi)用支出也會(huì)少一些，不過(guò)其可靠性將會(huì)降低。

可以看到這樣一種情況，有很多外貿(mào)企業(yè)在和海外用戶交易時(shí)總會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)采用信用證，其原因就在于這其中含有銀行信用，當(dāng)交易展開(kāi)之后，只要提交的單據(jù)不出現(xiàn)偏差，銀行就會(huì)及時(shí)交付款項(xiàng)。而DP則并非如此，它和商業(yè)信用有關(guān)，當(dāng)行情發(fā)生較大的變動(dòng)時(shí)，用戶可以選擇放棄贖單。行業(yè)中有資深交易人也這樣對(duì)其定性“The letter of credit has high security, which means that customers first apply for the issuance of the letter of credit and then deliver the goods; D/P belongs to one kind of collection, that is, you send the goods first and entrust the bank to collect the money, but if the customer does not redeem the bill, you can't. In a sense, the flow of D/P and credit documents is opposite.”通過(guò)這段闡述，我們可以知道，信用證交易過(guò)程中為什么安全性會(huì)更高一些，是因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品購(gòu)入方首先申請(qǐng)開(kāi)證，當(dāng)產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售方企業(yè)拿到信用證后，才會(huì)將產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸至用戶需求的目的港，因此在這一過(guò)程之中，產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售方企業(yè)幾乎不會(huì)承擔(dān)太大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

如下案例：

Mr. Dells:

We are very glad to cooperate with you in business. The ceramic tile products sold by our company mainly include 5 categories and 13 small categories. The total price of your products is 3.75 million yuan. As we have cooperated with you for the first time, we hope you can send us the L/C in this transaction by mail before the agreed time. We will arrange batch production for your company, which is scheduled to be completed from April 28 to April 30. We will arrange shipment of the products to Dalian Port from March 1 to March 5, waiting for shipment by the designated vessel.

德?tīng)査瓜壬?/span>

很高興能夠和貴公司展開(kāi)業(yè)務(wù)合作，本次我公司所銷(xiāo)售的瓷磚類(lèi)型產(chǎn)品主要包括5大類(lèi)別，13個(gè)小類(lèi)貴公司所購(gòu)入產(chǎn)品總價(jià)375萬(wàn)元，首次和貴公司展開(kāi)合作，此次交易中將以信用證方式展開(kāi)，希望貴公司能夠在此前所約定的時(shí)間前將信用證郵寄給我方，我方會(huì)為貴公司安排批次產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)，預(yù)計(jì)于4月28日至4月30日完成產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)，會(huì)在5月1日到56日安排將產(chǎn)品運(yùn)達(dá)大連港，等待貴方指定船只裝船。

該陶瓷產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售公司對(duì)待另外一個(gè)有合作關(guān)系的海外用戶時(shí)則采用了DP交易模式。

Mr. Hamilton

The total amount of outdoor wall tiles ordered by your company is 4 million yuan. The transportation mode of this product is the same as that of the previous one. The cost of land transportation and related insurance are in our company's charge. After the products will be transported to the Shanghai Port products designated by your company, the related risks will be borne by your company. This is the sixth cooperation between our two companies. We hope that the cooperation will be pleasant after that. This transaction is done by DP side. Formula reached.

漢密爾頓先生

貴公司所訂購(gòu)的戶外墻磚共計(jì)400萬(wàn)元，本次產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸和此前運(yùn)輸方式一致，陸路運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用以及相關(guān)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用由我公司負(fù)責(zé)，產(chǎn)品將運(yùn)輸?shù)劫F公司指定的上海港，產(chǎn)品上船之后相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由貴公司承擔(dān)，這是雙方公司的第6次合作，希望此后合作依然愉快，本次交易以DP方式達(dá)成。

從如上案例中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，該外貿(mào)企業(yè)針對(duì)不同的用戶時(shí)，選擇了不同的交易模式，對(duì)待新用戶是這樣表述的，“Because of the first cooperation with your company, the letter of credit will be used in this transaction. I hope you can send me the letter of credit by mail before the agreed time.”而對(duì)待老用戶時(shí)則以“The transaction was concluded by DP.”一句話帶過(guò)，從這樣的案例中就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)和海外用戶交易時(shí)，如果對(duì)于對(duì)方的企業(yè)了解得并不透徹，外貿(mào)企業(yè)就必須關(guān)注到交易安全問(wèn)題，在實(shí)際交易中要使用信用證方式，如果已經(jīng)和海外企業(yè)有長(zhǎng)期合作關(guān)系，并且雙方都非常信任，實(shí)際交易過(guò)程中則可以DP為主，雖然這兩種交易模式具有一定的差異性，但并非不是完全固定的，根據(jù)貿(mào)易雙方的關(guān)系不同可以在交易中隨時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換。